REASONS WHY FISH SURVIVE IN COLD ICE OCEAN

THE REASONS WHY FISH SURVIVE IN COLD ICE OCEAN ARE:

In icy cold winters months, lakes and rivers freeze over forming ice, the fish and other aquatic animals manage to survive. Animals like seals, penguins, walruses and a wide variety of sea birds are all fish eaters, they live in the arctic and Antarctic circle, amidst the ice caps. The land is completely frozen. Yet these animals manage to live in this region. How do they do it?

The icy waters of the arctic and Antarctic oceans support a great amount of marine life for millions of years, life has remained undamaged making it possible for these animals to adapt themselves to these partial of excretions.  

But they do get some help from nature. All liquid have a boiling point and a freezing point. When water boils at a certain temperature it turns into steam. When it cools to a certain temperature it freezes and become ice. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius (100⁰c) and freezes at 0⁰c. When the outsides temperature falls below the freezing point of waters, lakes and rivers yet frozen.

However only the top layer of lakes or river freeze. Underneath the frozen upper layer, the water remains in its liquid form and does not freeze. Also, oxygen is trapped beneath the layer of ice. As a result, fish and other aquatic animals find it possible to live comfortably in the frozen lakes and ponds.

But why doesn’t the entire body if water freeze, like a giant, lake – sized ice cubes? Generally, all liquids expand on heating, but water is an exception to this rule. If water is heated, its volume continues till the temperature rises to 4⁰c. At temperatures over 4⁰c water starts expanding. It then keeps expanding with the further rise in temperature, till finally at 100⁰c it turns into steam.

In other words, at 4⁰c, water has the least volume (occupies the least amount if space) and maximum density (is at its heaviest) this irregular expansion if water called anomalous expansion. This anomalous expansion plays an important role by only freezing the upper layer in lakes and rivers.

During winter months in colder countries the outside or atmosphere temperature is very low it drops to below freezing and the upper layers of waters in the lakes and ponds start cooling. When the temperature of the surface layers fall to 4⁰c the waters body acquires maximum density and sinks down. The water that sinks down displaces water below, and the lower layers of water simultaneously rise up. This also gets cooled to 4⁰c and again sinks down.

When the temperature of the water body finally goes down below 4⁰c the density or heaviness of water decreases and as a result water does not sink down. The surface water finally freezes at 0⁰c while the lower part still remains at 4⁰c. the light frozen layer of ice floats on top.

Ice does not allow heat to pass through it easily, so the freezing of the waters below is a very slow process. At depth below 30 meters, temperatures are cold and stables, but food is source. As a result animals have adapted to this situation by growing more slowly.

There are other dangers that fish face in freezing waters like deaths. The body fluid of an ordinary fish can solidify if the temperature of the surrounding water drops below 5⁰c, so Arctic and Antarctic fish have adjusted to their surrounding in an interesting manner.

Certain species of cod, polar fish have a reduced metabolic rate and produce anti freeze molecules called glycoprotein to reduce the freezing point of their body fluids. One could look at it as the fishy version of bears hibernating, a survival tactic that has seen theses friends outlive many other creature on earth.    

FAMILY

WHAT IS A FAMILY?

A family is a group of people consisting of father, mother and their children living together as a unit. a family can also be defined as a group of people who are related to each other by blood, such as a mother, a father, and their children.

STATE THE TWO TYPES OF FAMILY

Nuclear Family

The nuclear family is the traditional type of family structure. This family type consists of two parents and children.

Extended Family

The extended family structure consists of two or more adults who are related, either by blood or marriage, living in the same home. This family includes many relatives living together and working toward common goals, such as raising the children and keeping up with the household duties.

THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD FAMILY ARE:

1.    Love for one another

2.    They must not be greedy

3.    Satisfied with whatever they have

4.    They must be honest with one another

5.    They must be disciplined and well behaved to protect the name of the family.

ROLES OF THE FATHER

1.    He provides food, shelter and clothing’s for the family.

2.    He helps the children with their school assignments.

3.    He pays the children school fees and buys their books

4.    He protects the whole family from danger.

5.    He helps the children to develop good characters.

ROLES OF THE MOTHER

1.    She takes care of the house by sweeping, washing etc

2.    She cooks for the family

3.    She takes care of the children.

4.    She protects and takes care of the family.

5.    She trains the children to develop good moral behaviors

ROLES OF THE CHILDREN

1.    Children have a duty to try and stay safe (avoid what they know is dangerous when they see they are approaching it).

2.    The children help their mother in doing household chores like cooking, washing & sweeping.

3.    They run errands for their parents.

4.    The children also assist

5.    Children have a duty to let their parents and guardians know when something is wrong, they think something may be wrong, or they are simply afraid or hurt.

COMMODITY EXCHANGE,TYPES,CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

COMMODITY EXCHANGE

WHAT IS COMMODITY?

In economics, a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.^[1][2]

In economics, the term commodity is used specifically for economic goods or services that have full or partial but substantial fungibility; that is, the market treats their instances as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.^[3] Karl Marx described this property as follows: "From the taste of wheat, it is not possible to tell who produced it, a Russian serf, a French peasant or an English capitalist. Petroleum and copper are examples of commodity goods:^[5] their supply and demand are a part of one universal market.

The price of a commodity good is typically determined as a function of its market as a whole: well-established physical commodities have actively traded spot and derivative markets. The wide availability of commodities typically leads to smaller profit margins and diminishes the importance of factors (such as brand name) other than price.

WHAT IS A COMMODITIES EXCHANGE?

A commodities exchange is a legal entity that determines and enforces rules and procedures for trading standardized commodity contracts and related investment products. A commodities exchange also refers to the physical center where trading takes place. The commodities market is massive, trading more than trillions of dollars each day.

Traders rarely deliver any physical commodities through a commodities exchange. Instead, they trade futures contracts, where the parties agree to buy or sell a specific amount of the commodity at an agreed upon price, regardless of what it currently trades at in the market at a a predetermined expiration date. The most traded commodity future contract is crude oil.

TYPES OF COMMODITIES EXCHANGE

There are several types of modern commodities exchanges, which include metals, fuels, and agricultural commodities exchanges.

• Crude Oil: One of the most important commodities in the world, crude oil is an unrefined petroleum product that occurs naturally. It is used to produce different products including gasoline and petrochemicals. The price for crude oil generally reported in the U.S. is based on the NYMEX futures price. Contracts are based on 1,000 barrels and trade in U.S. dollars per barrel. The third business day before the 25th calendar day of the month preceding the delivery month is the last trading day for crude oil.
• Gold: This is one of the world's most widely-traded precious metals. While investors can buy and sell the physical commodities, traders typically trade gold futures contracts on commodities exchanges. Contracts are generally sized at 100 troy ounces, and are priced in U.S. dollars per troy ounce. The last trading day for gold is the third last business day of the delivery month.
• Lumber: This industry has two main products for the end user—softwood and hardwood. Softwood is used primarily in construction, while hardwood is used in flooring and furniture construction, and to make panels and cabinets. Contract sizes for lumber are generally 110,000 nominal board feet and are traded in U.S. dollars per pound. The business day immediately preceding the 16^th calendar day of the contract month is the last trading day for lumber.
• Natural Gas: This commodity is used to heat homes, helps generate electricity, and also has other uses in the commercial and industrial industries. Natural gas contracts are sold by 10,000 million British thermal units (mmBtu). All contracts are traded in U.S. dollars per mmBtu. The final trading day of the month for natural gas is three business days prior to the first day of the delivery month.
• Cotton: Cotton is the most widely-used fiber in the world. Cotton fibers are collected and made into yarn and other textiles for clothing and other household goods. Cotton contracts are sized at 50,000 pounds, and trade in U.S. dollars per pound. The very last day of trading for cotton is 17 business days from end of spot month.

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR TRADING

i. Compulsory Membership:

A trade union is based on its organizational strength. The trade union should possess maximum membership in order to consolidate itself as an organization. In order to make trade unions effective instruments of labor welfare, it is important that all the workers should become its members compulsorily. A nominal membership will not be working in this area. To make a trade union more effective, all the workers should be actively associated with the work of the trade union.

ii. Strong Economic Base:

For a successful functioning of the trade union, it not only needs members but also a strong monetary base. The trade unions need large funds to support their members in times of emergency such as strikes and lockouts. The trade unions do not have special means of collecting funds. So, it is necessary that all the members contribute regularly for their working. However, the membership fee differs from one firm to another taking various other factors into consideration.

iii. Freedom from External Pressures:

Trade unions should function as indepen­dent organizations. They should be free from any external pressure or control. Various political parties do try to influence the trade unions, as they are more concerned about their selfish ends rather than the workers’ welfare.

iv. Spirit of Unity:

A trade union is based on the spirit of unity and sacrifice among its members. Trade unions are able to function only on the strength of unity. For solv­ing any problem, unity among the members of the trade union is very important.

v. Capable Leadership:

Capable and efficient leaders are required for the successful working of the trade unions. A person who is dedicated and thinks about the welfare of the workers should lead a trade union. Few trade unions are quite selfish and use the workers for their own selfish ends.

Thus, it is very important that the leadership of the trade unions should be given to those who are genuine and selfless and inter­ested in the welfare of the workers. The leader of the trade union should himself be a worker, because only a worker can understand the problems of the workers.

vi. Practical Outlook:

The main aim of the trade unions is to look after the inter­ests of the labor and promote their social and economic welfare. These aims can only be achieved in the context of industrial prosperity. Therefore, it is important to consider the economic and monetary conditions off the industry in order to achieve the social and economic well-being of the workers.

In this context, it is necessary that a trade union should adopt a practical attitude to all the problems and act only if the problem is practical and if there is a possibility to meet the actual conditions. Unreasonable demands will create conflicts and disharmony.

vii. Democratic Outlook:

The democratic structure in a trade union contributes to its successful working. By democratic structure we mean that the opinion of each and every member should be taken into account. While exercising the privi­lege of vote in trade union affairs, the member develops a sense of dignity and makes a mark of his importance. This helps to keep up his morale and loyalty. It is always preferred that the workers themselves should choose the leaders of the trade unions democratically.

viii. Constructive Outlook:

The trade unions should adopt a constructive attitude in order to achieve their goals. The workers should not think their bosses as enemies but instead try to settle their problems by mutual consultation. Few trade unions try to poison the minds of workers against the employers and try to instigate them to violence. This kind of negative attitude will not work out. Trade unions should adopt a policy, which is beneficial for both the employees and the employers.

ix. Freedom from Politics:

Political interference greatly undermines the importance of trade unions. Sometimes, the union leaders forget their main aims and indulge in politics. These kinds of leaders do not benefit the workers rather harm their interests.

x. Aims of Welfare:

The primary aim of any trade union should be the welfare of the workers. The trade unions should refrain from all such activities, which act as constraints to the welfare of the workers.

REQUIREMENTS FOR TRADING

Rule 1: Always Use a Trading Plan

A trading plan is a written set of rules that specifies a trader's entry, exit and money management criteria. Using a trading plan allows traders to do this, although it is a time-consuming endeavor.

With today's technology, it is easy to test a trading idea before risking real money. Known as backtesting, this practice applies trading ideas to historical data, allows traders to determine if a trading plan is viable, and also shows the expectancy of the plan's logic. Once a plan has been developed and backtesting shows good results, the plan can be used in real trading. The key here is to stick to the plan. Taking trades outside of the trading plan, even if they turn out to be winners, is considered poor trading and destroys any expectancy the plan may have had.

Rule 2: Treat Trading Like a Business

In order to be successful, one must approach trading as a full- or part-time business—not as a hobby or a job. As a hobby, where no real commitment to learning is made, trading can be very expensive. As a job, it can be frustrating since there is no regular paycheck. Trading is a business and incurs expenses, losses, taxes, uncertainty, stress, and risk. As a trader, you are essentially a small business owner and must do your research and strategize to maximize your business's potential.

Rule 3: Use Technology to Your Advantage

Trading is a competitive business, and it's safe to assume the person sitting on the other side of a trade is taking full advantage of technology. Charting platforms allow traders an infinite variety of methods for viewing and analyzing the markets. Backtesting an idea on historical data prior to risking any cash can save a trading account, not to mention stress and frustration. Getting market updates with smartphones allows us to monitor trades virtually anywhere. Even technology that today we take for granted, like high-speed internet connections, can greatly increase trading performance.

Using technology to your advantage, and keeping current with available technological advances, can be fun and rewarding in trading.

Rule 4: Protect Your Trading Capital

Saving money to fund a trading account can take a long time and much effort. It can be even more difficult (or impossible) the next time around. It is important to note that protecting your trading capital is not synonymous with not having any losing trades. All traders have losing trades; that is part of the business. Protecting capital entails not taking any unnecessary risks and doing everything you can to preserve your trading business.

Rule 5: Become a Student of the Markets

Think of it as continuing education—traders need to remain focused on learning more each day. Since many concepts carry prerequisite knowledge, it is important to remember that understanding the markets, and all of their intricacies, is an ongoing, lifelong process.

Hard research allows traders to learn the facts, like what the different economic reports mean. Focus and observation allow traders to gain instinct and learn the nuances; this is what helps traders understand how those economic reports affect the market they are trading.

World politics, events, economies—even the weather—all have an impact on the markets. The market environment is dynamic. The more traders understand the past and current markets, the better prepared they will be to face the future.

Rule 6: Risk Only What You Can Afford to Lose

Rule No.4 mentions that funding a trading account can be a long process. Before a trader begins using real cash, it is imperative that all of the money in the account be truly expendable. If it's not, the trader should keep saving until it is.

It should go without saying that the money in a trading account should not be allocated for the kids' college tuition or paying the mortgage. Traders must never allow themselves to think they are simply "borrowing" money from these other important obligations. One must be prepared to lose all the money allocated to a trading account.

Losing money is traumatic enough; it is even more so if it is capital that should have never been risked, to begin with.

Rule 7: Develop a Trading Methodology Based on Facts

Taking the time to develop a sound trading methodology is worth the effort. It may be tempting to believe in the "so easy it's like printing money" trading scams that are prevalent on the internet. But facts, not emotions or hope, should be the inspiration behind developing a trading plan.

Traders who are not in a hurry to learn typically have an easier time sifting through all of the information available on the internet. Consider this: if you were to start a new career, more than likely you would need to study at a college or university for at least a year or two before you were qualified to even apply for a position in the new field. Expect that learning how to trade demands at least the same amount of time and factually driven research and study.

Rule 8: Always Use a Stop Loss

A stop loss is a predetermined amount of risk that a trader is willing to accept with each trade. The stop loss can be either a dollar amount or percentage, but either way it limits the trader's exposure during a trade. Using a stop loss can take some of the emotion out of trading since we know that we will only lose X amount on any given trade.

Ignoring a stop loss, even if it leads to a winning trade, is bad practice. Exiting with a stop loss, and thereby having a losing trade, is still good trading if it falls within the trading plan's rules. While the preference is to exit all trades with a profit, it is not realistic. Using a protective stop loss helps ensure that our losses and our risk are limited.

Rule 9: Know When to Stop Trading

There are two reasons to stop trading: an ineffective trading plan, and an ineffective trader.

An ineffective trading plan shows much greater losses than anticipated in historical testing. Markets may have changed, volatility within a certain trading instrument may have lessened, or the trading plan simply is not performing as well as expected. One will benefit from remaining unemotional and businesslike. It might be time to reevaluate the trading plan and make a few changes or to start over with a new trading plan. An unsuccessful trading plan is a problem that needs to be solved. It is not necessarily the end of the trading business.

An ineffective trader is one who is unable to follow his or her trading plan. External stressors, poor habits and lack of physical activity can all contribute to this problem. A trader who is not in peak condition for trading should consider a break to deal with any personal problems, be it health or stress or anything else that prohibits the trader from being effective. After any difficulties and challenges have been dealt with, the trader can resume.

Rule 10: Keep Trading in Perspective

It is important to stay focused on the big picture when trading. A losing trade should not surprise us—it is a part of trading. Likewise, a winning trade is just one step along the path to profitable trading. It is the cumulative profits that make a difference. Once a trader accepts wins and losses as part of the business, emotions will have less of an effect on trading performance. That is not to say that we cannot be excited about a particularly fruitful trade, but we must keep in mind that a losing trade is not far off.

WHAT IS ILLNESS

WHAT IS ILLNESS?

Illness is a broad term that defines the poor state of mind, body, and, to a certain extent, spirit. It is the general feeling of being sick or unwell (outside the person’s belief of good health). It can also be defined as A state of bad health or disease

COMMON ILLNESS IN THE HOME

v  Common cold:

Most children will get up to five colds a year and this is probably the most common reason children miss school. Symptoms include a sore throat, headache, loss of appetite, mild fever and a blocked/ runny nose. Most colds clear up on their own but you can use supplements which contain added zinc, Echinacea and vitamin c which have all been shown to shorten the duration of the cold. 

v  Acne:

Acne is probably the commonest skin condition seen at the Medical Centre. The majority of people will have grown out of their acne by their late teens so that on the whole we see only the more severe and persistent cases. In the past, diet, dirt and grime have been blamed for the condition but it is now known that these have little or nothing to do with its cause. The primary defect seems to be an inherited disposition for the cells which line the duct carrying oils from the sebaceous glands to the surface of the skin to thicken, thus blocking the duct. There is then a build-up of oils which are broken down by bacteria into fatty acids. The enzymes the bacteria use for this then irritate the surrounding tissues. There is also a tendency for the oil glands to over produce.

v  Backache:

Despite what is often written, the human back is well adapted to an upright posture, but it is not well adapted to lifting heavy weights, being scrunched up in a rugby scrum, being repetitively shock-loaded for mile after marathon mile or being hunched up over a desk for hours on end.

Whatever the causes of backache few of them are serious in the student age group. If you do a lot of unfamiliar bending, stooping, or heavy lifting, as for example in gardening or furniture moving, you may expect your back muscles to ache for a few days, just like any other overworked muscles. The usual remedies like soaking in a hot bath, lying in a comfortable position and taking a couple of simple pain-killing tablets give a lot of relief.

Unfortunately, study has to go on while the backache gets better, if indeed it is not the cause of the aching in the first place. As exams get closer, tension is added, by the feeling that the aching is making study quite impossible. All symptoms seem to get worse when one is under pressure.

v  Chickenpox:

A contagious illness that causes an itchy rash and red spots all over the body. Symptoms develop about 14 to 16 days after exposure to the virus and include a fever, headache, cough, and a sore throat. The itchy rash appears after the first symptoms start and it can take up to 10 days until a person is no longer contagious. Vitamins believed to be beneficial to those suffering from chicken pox include vitamin B-12, vitamin A with beta carotene, and vitamins D, E, and K.

v  Conjunctivitis:

Commonly known as pinkeye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is very common in children, mostly because it is highly contagious. It is caused by many of the same bacteria and viruses responsible for colds. Foods rich in Vitamin A and B2 may also be helpful in the treatment of conjunctivitis.

v  Gastroenteritis:

A primary cause of diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting most often caused by the rotavirus infection, or from E. coli, or Salmonella, parasites.  Symptoms typically include abdominal cramps but may also include a fever, nausea, vomiting and dehydration. An over-the-counter probiotic can help shorten the duration of the illness and rehydrate drinks will prevent dehydration. 

v  Hand, foot and mouth disease:

Primarily caused by enteroviruses. Symptoms include a low-grade fever followed by sores or blisters in the mouth, on the palms, fingers, soles of the feet, and on the buttocks. It is contagious and treatment includes pain medication. Some studies have shown a deficiency in vitamin A can worsen the disease, so eating a diet rich in leafy greens, squashes and liver can help shorten the duration of the illness.

CAUSES OF ILLNESS

An illness can be caused by a number of factors such as the following:

·         The presence of diseases – Usually, illness occurs because the body has an underlying disease. The body is designed to provide a natural response to any abnormality or threat, whether it’s a bacterium, virus, or excessive production of immature cells. But in the process, such reaction can make a person feel sick. A good example is allergy. Allergy develops when the immune system tries to kill the threat and releases histamines in the process. Nevertheless, a person may also have a disease but not feel unwell. Diseases such as HIV, AIDS, and even cancer can take months or years before they progress and make a person feel unwell.

·         Hypochondriasis – Hypochondriasis is the reason why people can “feel ill” even without a disease. This is a condition that refers to the abnormal or moderate to severe anxiety of having a disease. A simple change in the body temperature may be considered by a hypochondriac as a fever or a symptom of a serious disease like cancer. Hypochondriasis is further fueled these days by the Internet. A person can now quickly and easily search for symptoms or self-diagnose.

·         Stress – Stress is a natural response of the body to a trigger. The body is designed to take either a fight-or-flight mode when in a stressful situation. Either way, it can increase the heart rate, blood pressure, and can lead to the production of a hormone called cortisol, which can make a person ill when stress becomes chronic.

·         Malnutrition – As a complex structure, the body needs different kinds of enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and other macro and micronutrients to function properly. In the long term, if the body becomes deficient in any of these, it can feel ill.

PREVENTION OF ILLNESS

·         Get your health screening tests (health screenings for women or health screenings for men). Lots of people have weird logic around health screening tests. They say things like “I don’t want to know if something is wrong with me.” But, these tests are specifically chosen because catching the specific illnesses early can make a huge difference in the course of the illness and can even work as disease prevention. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force does not recommend tests that don’t matter to the health outcome. So be sure to have these tests done. If you need help finding a doctor, try this guide to doctors in your area (choose the specialty “preventive medicine,” “general practice” or “family practice”).

·         Don’t smoke. It is simply incredible how much smoking shortens both the length of a person’s life and the quality. If you do smoke, quitting is your number one health priority. Try these smoking cessation resources.

·         Be active. Keeping yourself healthy means moving and using your body. There are standardized exercise recommendations for people. Exercise has a number of benefits, including improving your sex life and giving you more energy. Work exercise into your daily/weekly schedule for years more life.

·         Eat healthy. Sure, we all know that we should eat a healthy diet, but did you know that adding just two servings of fruit and vegetables a day could increase your life expectancy? Building healthy eating habits is possibly the single most important thing you can do to protect your health, prevent disease, and minimize the severity of any conditions you already have. Besides, once you get used to healthy foods, they taste better and give you more energy than all the processed junk foods out there (really, you just need about a week of no cheating to start feeling the difference).

·         Lose weight. Turns out that losing weight isn’t as hard as everyone makes it out to be. If you switch out processed foods for fresh produce and get rid of sodas and other sugary foods you can save hundreds of calories a day. Start there.

·         Take your medicine. There are some wonderful preventive medicines out there like statins (which lower cholesterol). These medicines can prevent heart attacks and even help reverse illnesses. For example, men older than 45 should talk with their doctor about taking a daily aspirin to help prevent heart disease (men younger than 45 with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, or who smoke should talk to their doctor about it too). Also, everyone should stay up-to-date with their immunizations (most people 50+ should have a flu shot each year and most people 65+ should have a pneumonia shot). If your doctor has suggested a preventive medicine, please take it. By doing so, you are getting the full advantage of our high-tech scientific medical system. You will likely live longer and better. That’s pretty amazing for a little pill.

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THOSE WHO ARE ILL

·         Keep careful notes. Even a minor illness can involve many tests, new medications and detailed home care. It's hard to remember a lot of information, such as the dosing of multiple drugs and complex hospital discharge notes, especially when you're stressed. Use a small notebook or the notes app on a smartphone to write down the names and contact numbers for everyone on the medical team. Include dates on your notes -- you may need them to provide a timeline to future specialists or to reconcile medical bills later on.

·         Monitor their care. Even though your loved one's primary doctor or surgeon may be the point person for other healthcare team members, you can be the backstop. Know and share your loved one's medical history, any daily medications, allergies and known drug side effects. If a new medication is prescribed, ask what it's for, possible side effects and whether it could have a negative interaction with any other drugs. Being an active member in care lessens the chance of medical errors.

·         Be present. If your loved one is in the hospital, your daily visit may be the one thing he or she looks forward to each day. Bring everyday items from home, like a robe or toiletries, to make the patient more comfortable.

·         Have a second-in-command. Being an advocate is like having another job. There may be times when you can't be there. Designate a close friend or relative who can step in for you.

·         Take care of yourself. A spouse or child's serious illness can take an emotional toll and you can't function optimally if you're run down. Eat a healthy diet and get enough sleep.