WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL CASE WORK

INDIVIDUALIZATION:

This principle helps the social worker to relate with the client. It help social workers to see individuals with their own differences, cultural and ethnic diversity. Individualization helps social workers see beyond what the client see and feels. It enlightens the social worker on the way to handle a client and how a client’s problem can be solved.

ACCEPTANCE:

This is the ability of a social worker to appreciate and recognize a person’s positive worth as an individual with feelings, without condemning the client. Acceptance is accepting the client with his/her good and bad qualities, strengths and weaknesses regardless of his/her behavior. Acceptance help a social worker to understand his/her client and build a genuine professional relationship that allows the client to be comfortable and want to talk freely with the social worker.

COMMUNICATION:

Social workers continue to increase their knowledge by striving to gain more knowledge in other to apply them in their professions, to help individuals with problems relating to social works. Communication skill is very important to social workers.

MEANINGFUL RELATIONSHIP:

The relationship between a social worker and his client is very important, it is the route that will lead to change or transformation in a client’s life. Social Workers build strong relationships with people in other to promote and enhance the standard of living of individuals or the well being of individuals.

EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS:

As professionals, social workers, allow their client to express their feelings, with this they are one step ahead of solving the clients problems.  As a social worker going beyond “the facts” is necessary to uncover the hidden feelings.

NON JUDGEMENTAL ATTITUDE:

The relationship of a client and a social work depend heavily on if the social worker is judgmental or not.  As social workers we are not meant to make decisions for clients but to imply a good behavior and a new way of life.

CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT:

Social worker should not respond to a client’s situation in a way that will make him or her feel coldness or lack of interest. Social workers should not over identify a client.

CLIENT’S SELF DETERMINATION:

The principle of self determination is about figuring out the client’s need to freedom in making decisions. Social workers have the responsibility to create a working relationship in which choice can be exercised.

SELF AWARENESS:

A caseworker must know his strength and limits, if a caseworker is unable to handle a client, he/she must hand the client over to a component authority.

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING:

An individual must know his obligation or role depending on the society or environment he/she is living in.

TUNING BEHAVIOR:

The mind, body and soul must be in full experiences. It’s very necessary for right inception and thinking.

SOCIAL LEARNING:

This is a per-requisite to solve the problems of societies. It implies focusing attention on organizations, getting and solving new problems and evaluating problems.

SOCIAL CONFIDENTIALITY:

This implies that no information obtain from a client should be disclosed to anybody. This should remain between the client and the social worker.

FAMILY

WHAT IS A FAMILY?

A family is a group of people consisting of father, mother and their children living together as a unit. a family can also be defined as a group of people who are related to each other by blood, such as a mother, a father, and their children.

STATE THE TWO TYPES OF FAMILY

Nuclear Family

The nuclear family is the traditional type of family structure. This family type consists of two parents and children.

Extended Family

The extended family structure consists of two or more adults who are related, either by blood or marriage, living in the same home. This family includes many relatives living together and working toward common goals, such as raising the children and keeping up with the household duties.

THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD FAMILY ARE:

1.    Love for one another

2.    They must not be greedy

3.    Satisfied with whatever they have

4.    They must be honest with one another

5.    They must be disciplined and well behaved to protect the name of the family.

ROLES OF THE FATHER

1.    He provides food, shelter and clothing’s for the family.

2.    He helps the children with their school assignments.

3.    He pays the children school fees and buys their books

4.    He protects the whole family from danger.

5.    He helps the children to develop good characters.

ROLES OF THE MOTHER

1.    She takes care of the house by sweeping, washing etc

2.    She cooks for the family

3.    She takes care of the children.

4.    She protects and takes care of the family.

5.    She trains the children to develop good moral behaviors

ROLES OF THE CHILDREN

1.    Children have a duty to try and stay safe (avoid what they know is dangerous when they see they are approaching it).

2.    The children help their mother in doing household chores like cooking, washing & sweeping.

3.    They run errands for their parents.

4.    The children also assist

5.    Children have a duty to let their parents and guardians know when something is wrong, they think something may be wrong, or they are simply afraid or hurt.

COMMODITY EXCHANGE,TYPES,CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

COMMODITY EXCHANGE

WHAT IS COMMODITY?

In economics, a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.^[1][2]

In economics, the term commodity is used specifically for economic goods or services that have full or partial but substantial fungibility; that is, the market treats their instances as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.^[3] Karl Marx described this property as follows: "From the taste of wheat, it is not possible to tell who produced it, a Russian serf, a French peasant or an English capitalist. Petroleum and copper are examples of commodity goods:^[5] their supply and demand are a part of one universal market.

The price of a commodity good is typically determined as a function of its market as a whole: well-established physical commodities have actively traded spot and derivative markets. The wide availability of commodities typically leads to smaller profit margins and diminishes the importance of factors (such as brand name) other than price.

WHAT IS A COMMODITIES EXCHANGE?

A commodities exchange is a legal entity that determines and enforces rules and procedures for trading standardized commodity contracts and related investment products. A commodities exchange also refers to the physical center where trading takes place. The commodities market is massive, trading more than trillions of dollars each day.

Traders rarely deliver any physical commodities through a commodities exchange. Instead, they trade futures contracts, where the parties agree to buy or sell a specific amount of the commodity at an agreed upon price, regardless of what it currently trades at in the market at a a predetermined expiration date. The most traded commodity future contract is crude oil.

TYPES OF COMMODITIES EXCHANGE

There are several types of modern commodities exchanges, which include metals, fuels, and agricultural commodities exchanges.

• Crude Oil: One of the most important commodities in the world, crude oil is an unrefined petroleum product that occurs naturally. It is used to produce different products including gasoline and petrochemicals. The price for crude oil generally reported in the U.S. is based on the NYMEX futures price. Contracts are based on 1,000 barrels and trade in U.S. dollars per barrel. The third business day before the 25th calendar day of the month preceding the delivery month is the last trading day for crude oil.
• Gold: This is one of the world's most widely-traded precious metals. While investors can buy and sell the physical commodities, traders typically trade gold futures contracts on commodities exchanges. Contracts are generally sized at 100 troy ounces, and are priced in U.S. dollars per troy ounce. The last trading day for gold is the third last business day of the delivery month.
• Lumber: This industry has two main products for the end user—softwood and hardwood. Softwood is used primarily in construction, while hardwood is used in flooring and furniture construction, and to make panels and cabinets. Contract sizes for lumber are generally 110,000 nominal board feet and are traded in U.S. dollars per pound. The business day immediately preceding the 16^th calendar day of the contract month is the last trading day for lumber.
• Natural Gas: This commodity is used to heat homes, helps generate electricity, and also has other uses in the commercial and industrial industries. Natural gas contracts are sold by 10,000 million British thermal units (mmBtu). All contracts are traded in U.S. dollars per mmBtu. The final trading day of the month for natural gas is three business days prior to the first day of the delivery month.
• Cotton: Cotton is the most widely-used fiber in the world. Cotton fibers are collected and made into yarn and other textiles for clothing and other household goods. Cotton contracts are sized at 50,000 pounds, and trade in U.S. dollars per pound. The very last day of trading for cotton is 17 business days from end of spot month.

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR TRADING

i. Compulsory Membership:

A trade union is based on its organizational strength. The trade union should possess maximum membership in order to consolidate itself as an organization. In order to make trade unions effective instruments of labor welfare, it is important that all the workers should become its members compulsorily. A nominal membership will not be working in this area. To make a trade union more effective, all the workers should be actively associated with the work of the trade union.

ii. Strong Economic Base:

For a successful functioning of the trade union, it not only needs members but also a strong monetary base. The trade unions need large funds to support their members in times of emergency such as strikes and lockouts. The trade unions do not have special means of collecting funds. So, it is necessary that all the members contribute regularly for their working. However, the membership fee differs from one firm to another taking various other factors into consideration.

iii. Freedom from External Pressures:

Trade unions should function as indepen­dent organizations. They should be free from any external pressure or control. Various political parties do try to influence the trade unions, as they are more concerned about their selfish ends rather than the workers’ welfare.

iv. Spirit of Unity:

A trade union is based on the spirit of unity and sacrifice among its members. Trade unions are able to function only on the strength of unity. For solv­ing any problem, unity among the members of the trade union is very important.

v. Capable Leadership:

Capable and efficient leaders are required for the successful working of the trade unions. A person who is dedicated and thinks about the welfare of the workers should lead a trade union. Few trade unions are quite selfish and use the workers for their own selfish ends.

Thus, it is very important that the leadership of the trade unions should be given to those who are genuine and selfless and inter­ested in the welfare of the workers. The leader of the trade union should himself be a worker, because only a worker can understand the problems of the workers.

vi. Practical Outlook:

The main aim of the trade unions is to look after the inter­ests of the labor and promote their social and economic welfare. These aims can only be achieved in the context of industrial prosperity. Therefore, it is important to consider the economic and monetary conditions off the industry in order to achieve the social and economic well-being of the workers.

In this context, it is necessary that a trade union should adopt a practical attitude to all the problems and act only if the problem is practical and if there is a possibility to meet the actual conditions. Unreasonable demands will create conflicts and disharmony.

vii. Democratic Outlook:

The democratic structure in a trade union contributes to its successful working. By democratic structure we mean that the opinion of each and every member should be taken into account. While exercising the privi­lege of vote in trade union affairs, the member develops a sense of dignity and makes a mark of his importance. This helps to keep up his morale and loyalty. It is always preferred that the workers themselves should choose the leaders of the trade unions democratically.

viii. Constructive Outlook:

The trade unions should adopt a constructive attitude in order to achieve their goals. The workers should not think their bosses as enemies but instead try to settle their problems by mutual consultation. Few trade unions try to poison the minds of workers against the employers and try to instigate them to violence. This kind of negative attitude will not work out. Trade unions should adopt a policy, which is beneficial for both the employees and the employers.

ix. Freedom from Politics:

Political interference greatly undermines the importance of trade unions. Sometimes, the union leaders forget their main aims and indulge in politics. These kinds of leaders do not benefit the workers rather harm their interests.

x. Aims of Welfare:

The primary aim of any trade union should be the welfare of the workers. The trade unions should refrain from all such activities, which act as constraints to the welfare of the workers.

REQUIREMENTS FOR TRADING

Rule 1: Always Use a Trading Plan

A trading plan is a written set of rules that specifies a trader's entry, exit and money management criteria. Using a trading plan allows traders to do this, although it is a time-consuming endeavor.

With today's technology, it is easy to test a trading idea before risking real money. Known as backtesting, this practice applies trading ideas to historical data, allows traders to determine if a trading plan is viable, and also shows the expectancy of the plan's logic. Once a plan has been developed and backtesting shows good results, the plan can be used in real trading. The key here is to stick to the plan. Taking trades outside of the trading plan, even if they turn out to be winners, is considered poor trading and destroys any expectancy the plan may have had.

Rule 2: Treat Trading Like a Business

In order to be successful, one must approach trading as a full- or part-time business—not as a hobby or a job. As a hobby, where no real commitment to learning is made, trading can be very expensive. As a job, it can be frustrating since there is no regular paycheck. Trading is a business and incurs expenses, losses, taxes, uncertainty, stress, and risk. As a trader, you are essentially a small business owner and must do your research and strategize to maximize your business's potential.

Rule 3: Use Technology to Your Advantage

Trading is a competitive business, and it's safe to assume the person sitting on the other side of a trade is taking full advantage of technology. Charting platforms allow traders an infinite variety of methods for viewing and analyzing the markets. Backtesting an idea on historical data prior to risking any cash can save a trading account, not to mention stress and frustration. Getting market updates with smartphones allows us to monitor trades virtually anywhere. Even technology that today we take for granted, like high-speed internet connections, can greatly increase trading performance.

Using technology to your advantage, and keeping current with available technological advances, can be fun and rewarding in trading.

Rule 4: Protect Your Trading Capital

Saving money to fund a trading account can take a long time and much effort. It can be even more difficult (or impossible) the next time around. It is important to note that protecting your trading capital is not synonymous with not having any losing trades. All traders have losing trades; that is part of the business. Protecting capital entails not taking any unnecessary risks and doing everything you can to preserve your trading business.

Rule 5: Become a Student of the Markets

Think of it as continuing education—traders need to remain focused on learning more each day. Since many concepts carry prerequisite knowledge, it is important to remember that understanding the markets, and all of their intricacies, is an ongoing, lifelong process.

Hard research allows traders to learn the facts, like what the different economic reports mean. Focus and observation allow traders to gain instinct and learn the nuances; this is what helps traders understand how those economic reports affect the market they are trading.

World politics, events, economies—even the weather—all have an impact on the markets. The market environment is dynamic. The more traders understand the past and current markets, the better prepared they will be to face the future.

Rule 6: Risk Only What You Can Afford to Lose

Rule No.4 mentions that funding a trading account can be a long process. Before a trader begins using real cash, it is imperative that all of the money in the account be truly expendable. If it's not, the trader should keep saving until it is.

It should go without saying that the money in a trading account should not be allocated for the kids' college tuition or paying the mortgage. Traders must never allow themselves to think they are simply "borrowing" money from these other important obligations. One must be prepared to lose all the money allocated to a trading account.

Losing money is traumatic enough; it is even more so if it is capital that should have never been risked, to begin with.

Rule 7: Develop a Trading Methodology Based on Facts

Taking the time to develop a sound trading methodology is worth the effort. It may be tempting to believe in the "so easy it's like printing money" trading scams that are prevalent on the internet. But facts, not emotions or hope, should be the inspiration behind developing a trading plan.

Traders who are not in a hurry to learn typically have an easier time sifting through all of the information available on the internet. Consider this: if you were to start a new career, more than likely you would need to study at a college or university for at least a year or two before you were qualified to even apply for a position in the new field. Expect that learning how to trade demands at least the same amount of time and factually driven research and study.

Rule 8: Always Use a Stop Loss

A stop loss is a predetermined amount of risk that a trader is willing to accept with each trade. The stop loss can be either a dollar amount or percentage, but either way it limits the trader's exposure during a trade. Using a stop loss can take some of the emotion out of trading since we know that we will only lose X amount on any given trade.

Ignoring a stop loss, even if it leads to a winning trade, is bad practice. Exiting with a stop loss, and thereby having a losing trade, is still good trading if it falls within the trading plan's rules. While the preference is to exit all trades with a profit, it is not realistic. Using a protective stop loss helps ensure that our losses and our risk are limited.

Rule 9: Know When to Stop Trading

There are two reasons to stop trading: an ineffective trading plan, and an ineffective trader.

An ineffective trading plan shows much greater losses than anticipated in historical testing. Markets may have changed, volatility within a certain trading instrument may have lessened, or the trading plan simply is not performing as well as expected. One will benefit from remaining unemotional and businesslike. It might be time to reevaluate the trading plan and make a few changes or to start over with a new trading plan. An unsuccessful trading plan is a problem that needs to be solved. It is not necessarily the end of the trading business.

An ineffective trader is one who is unable to follow his or her trading plan. External stressors, poor habits and lack of physical activity can all contribute to this problem. A trader who is not in peak condition for trading should consider a break to deal with any personal problems, be it health or stress or anything else that prohibits the trader from being effective. After any difficulties and challenges have been dealt with, the trader can resume.

Rule 10: Keep Trading in Perspective

It is important to stay focused on the big picture when trading. A losing trade should not surprise us—it is a part of trading. Likewise, a winning trade is just one step along the path to profitable trading. It is the cumulative profits that make a difference. Once a trader accepts wins and losses as part of the business, emotions will have less of an effect on trading performance. That is not to say that we cannot be excited about a particularly fruitful trade, but we must keep in mind that a losing trade is not far off.

WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES?

WHAT ARE MINERAL RESOURCES?

Mineral Resources are pure inorganic substance that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. All of the Earth’s crust, except the rather small proportion of the crust that contains organic material, is made up of minerals. Some minerals consist of a single element such as gold, silver, diamond (carbon), and sulphur.

Minerals are valuable natural resources being finite and non-renewable. They constitute the vital raw materials for many basic industries and are a major resource for development.

MINERAL RESOURCES IN NIGERIA AND THEIR LOCATIONS

Adamawa State

Kaolin, Bentonite, Gypsum and Magnesite

Akwa Ibom State

Lead/Zinc, Clay and Limestone

Anambra State

Lead/Zinc

Bayelsa State

Clay and Manganese

Benue State

Lead/Zinc, Limestone and Salt

Delta State

Marble, Glass Sand and Gypsum 

Ebonyi State

Lead and Gold shocked

Edo State

Marble and Lignite

Ekiti State

Kaolin and Feldspar

Lagos State

Glass-sand, Clay and Bitumen          

MINERAL RESOURCES IN NIGERIA AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

1. CRUDE OIL: Nigeria is the largest oil producing country in Africa. According to proven oil and gas reserves, our country has 23 billion barrels of crude oil and 160 trillion cubic meters of gas according to nigeria.gov.ng. The major part of oil deposits is situated in the Delta basin in Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo, and Rivers states. The deposits are multi-layered. The depth of productive layers on land is 1500 - 2000 m and on the shelf is 2500-3600 m. are multi-layer, the depth of productive strata on land is 1500-2000 m, on the shelf - 2500-3600 m. Many oil deposits have gas caps. Nigerian oil is low-sulfur with high paraffin content. Its gravity is 36 API for light types and 20-23 API for medium and heavy types. Crude oil provides the lion's share of Nigeria revenues.

2. TALC: Nigeria has more than 40 million tones of talc deposits. They are situated in Niger, Osun, Kogi, Ogun and Kaduna states. The talc industry produces 3 thousand tons of talk a year. Talc is used in one of the most diverse branches of industrial minerals in the world. The extraction of huge talc deposits can satisfy local and export needs.

3. GYPSUM: Gypsum has great importance in cement manufacturing. It is also used for other demands. At present, cement production is 8 million tons a year when Nigerian demand is 9.6 million tons. We need to increase the capacity to meet our needs. Approximately, one billion tons of gypsum deposits lie in many Nigerian states.

4. IRON ORE: The country owns more than 3 billion metric tons of iron ore deposits in Kogi, Enugu and Niger States and the Federal Capital Territory. Iron ore mining carries out at Itakpe (Kogi state), and we receive up to 67 percent of iron.

5. LEAD AND ZINC: About 10 million tons of lead and zinc deposits are situated in eight Nigerian states. The proven reserves include 5 million tons. Lead and zinc deposits can be used both for local needs and for export.

6. BENTONITE AND BARYTE: These minerals are the main components of the drilling fluid for all types of oil wells. The baryte mined in Nigeria has special gravity 4.3. More than 7.5 million tons of baryte have been found in Taraba and Bauchi states. Huge bentonite deposits of 700 million tons are situated in many states of Nigeria and can be massively developed and exploited.

7. GOLD : Gold is the 3rd most precious metal in the world. Nigeria has proven deposits of both alluvial and primary gold in the shale belt of the country. It is situated in the south-western part of the country. The reserves are mainly alluvial and today are being extracted in small quantities.

8. GEMSTONES: Gemstones are mined in different parts of Plateau, Kaduna and Bauchi states for many years. Among them there are sapphire ruby aquamarine emerald tourmaline topaz garnet amethyst zircon fluorspar Gem mining in Nigeria is an up-and-coming industry and requires significant investment. Precious gems always were and will be highly appreciated in the whole world.